This article investigates the influence of the blending ratio of natural rubber (NR) and butadiene rubber (BR) on the performance of railway freight car damping rubber compounds, focusing on vulcanization characteristics, Mooney scorch performance, physical and mechanical properties, and thermo-oxidative aging properties. The results indicate that as the proportion of BR increases, the scorch time of the rubber compound extends, the vulcanization rate slows down, and the Mooney viscosity rises. The Shore A hardness, tear strength, tensile strength, elongation at break, and modulus at 100% deformation of the vulcanizate decrease, while the resilience and wear resistance improve. The thermo-oxidative aging properties show a downward trend. When the NR/BR ratio is 60/40, the tensile strength reaches 23.1 MPa, the modulus at 100% deformation attains 2.8 MPa, the tear strength achieves 114 kN· m-1, the Mooney viscosity is moderate, the rubber compound exhibits good fluidity, and the overall performance is optimal.